The Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science is published by the Oklahoma Academy of Science. Its editorial policies are established by the Editor and Associate Editors, under the general authority of the Publications Committee.

The suitability for publication in the Proceedings of submitted manuscripts is judged by the Editor and the Associate Editors. The Editor is appointed by the Executive Committee of the Academy; Associate Editors are appointed by the Publications Committee in consultation with the Editor.

It is the policy of the Proceedings that all manuscripts be refereed critically. The Editors of the official publication of the Oklahoma Academy of Science have an obligation to the membership of the Academy and to the scientific community to insure, as far as possible, that the Proceedings is scientifically accurate; expert refereeing is a tested, effective method by which the scientific community maintains a standard of excellence. In addition, expert refereeing frequently helps the author(s) to present the results in a clear, concise form that exceeds minimal standards.

The corresponding author is notified of the receipt of a manuscript. The Editor sends the manuscript to at least two reviewers, anonymous to the author(s).

After initial review, the Editor either: accepts the manuscript for publication; returns it to the author for clarification or revision; sends it to another referee for further review; or declines the manuscript.

A declined manuscript will have had at least two reviews, usually more. The Editors examine such manuscripts very carefully and take full responsibility.

There are several grounds for declining a manuscript: the substance of the paper may not fall within the scope of the Proceedings; the work may not meet the standards which the Proceedings strives to maintain; the work may not be complete; the experimental evidence may not support the conclusion(s) that the author(s) would like to draw; the experimental approach may be equivocal; faulty design or technique may vitiate the results; the manuscript may not make a sufficient contribution to the overall understanding of the system being studied, even though the quality of the experimental work is not in question.

We thank the reviewers who contribute so much to the quality of these Proceedings. They must remain anonymous to assure their freedom in making recommendations. The responsibilities or obligations of these reviewers are:

• Since science depends on peer-reviewed publications, every scientist has an obligation to do a fair share of reviewing.
• A reviewer who has a conflict of interest or a schedule that will not allow rapid completion of the review will quickly return the manuscript; otherwise, the review will be completed and returned promptly.
• A reviewer shall respect the intellectual independence of the author(s). The review shall be objective, based on scientific merit alone, without regard to race, religion, nationality, sex, seniority, or institutional affiliation of the author(s). However, the reviewer may take into account the relationship of a manuscript under consideration to others previously or concurrently offered by the same author(s).
• A reviewer should not evaluate a manuscript by a person with whom the reviewer has a personal or professional connection if the relationship could reasonably be perceived as influencing judgment of the manuscript.
• The manuscript is a confidential document. If the reviewer seeks an opinion or discusses the manuscript with another, those consultations shall be revealed to the Editor. Reviewers must not use or disclose unpublished information, arguments, or interpretations contained in a manuscript under consideration, or in press, without the written consent of the author.
• Reviewers should explain and support their judgments and statements, so both the Editor and the author(s) may understand the basis of their comments.

Manuscripts for the Proceedings should be submitted to:

Include a letter of transmittal containing the address, telephone numbers (VOX and FAX), and electronic mail address (if any) of the submitting (corresponding) author.

Prospective authors should note carefully the policy statement Policies of the Proceedings on page ii and the policy, on the following page, concerning submission of manuscripts electronically or on magnetic media.

Review of papers is carried out by Editors and reviewers as described in Editorial Policies and Practices (previous page); all referee and editorial opinions are anonymous. Resubmitted and/or revised manuscripts and correspondence concerning manuscripts should be sent to the Editor. Revised manuscripts (two copies) should be accompanied by a copy of the unre~ised version, by a brief explanation indicating the changes that have been made, and, if any of the changes suggested or requested by the reviewers and/or editors have not been made, a justification for that decision. All revisions should be approved by all of the coauthors. A revised paper will retain its original date of receipt only if the revision is received by the Editor within two months after the date of the letter to the author(s).

Accepted manuscripts will be published with the implicit understanding that the author(s) will pay a charge per published page. Page charges are billed at the cost per page for the given issue: since 1992, this has been $90 per page for non-members and $35 for members.

Under exceptional circumstances, when no source of grant funds or other support exists, the author(s) may apply, at the time of submission, for a waiver of page charges. All such applications must be countersigned by an appropriate institutional official stating that no funds are available for page charges. An unaffiliated author is expected to honor the page charges.

Billing for page charges and receipt of payment are handled by the Business Manager, who is also the Executive SecretaryTreasurer for the Academy (see the Membership Application Form in this issue for name and address).

Before publication, authors must transfer copyright to the Oklahoma Academy of Science. All authors must sign, or the signing author must hold permission to sign for any coauthors. Copyright for papers reporting research by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties will be transferred to the extent permitted by law.

Types of Manuscripts

A manuscript may be a communication (note), a letter to the editor, a technical comment, or a full paper.

Communication (Note) - The objective of a communication is to provide an effective form for communicating new results and ideas and/or describing small but complete pieces of research. Thus, a communication is either a preliminary report or a complete account of a small investigation. Communications must not exceed four printed pages including text, figures, tables, and references. One printed page of standard text contains about 600 words; hence, there is space for presentation of considerable experimental detail.

Letter to the Editor - Letters are selected for their pertinence to materials published in POAS or because they discuss problems of general interest to scientists and/or to Oklahomans. Letters pertaining to material published in POAS may correct errors, provide support or agreements, or offer different points of view, clarifications, or additional information.

Technical Comment - Technical comments (one page) may criticize material published in an earlier volume of POAS or may offer additional useful information. The author(s) of the original paper are asked for an opinion on the comment and, if the comment is published, are invited to reply in the same volume,

Full Paper- A full paper may be of any length that is required to report and to explain adequately the experimental observations.

Reviews - Although review articles will usually be solicited, unsolicited reviews will be considered for publication. Prospective writers of reviews should consult with the Editor; in general, a synopsis of the area proposed for review and an outline of the paper will be needed by the Editor to make a decision.

Electronic Manuscripts

An electronic manuscript is prepared by an author on a computer and transmitted to the Editor on a magnetic disk or by modem, so that an image for printing can be made without the time and expense of re-keyboarding the manuscript from a paper copy. This should be sent as an e-mail attachment, if submitted via the internet.

Electronic manuscripts are desired and requested. Authors who can supply an electronic manuscript should carefully note the following.

1. DO NOT submit your manuscript on disk. Send the usual paper copies as described in Section C, below.
2. DO indicate in your letter of transmittal that you can provide a disk containing an image of the manuscript. Indicate the type of disk (e.g., PC, Mac, CD, 3.5) and the format in which you have the manuscript: "Word", "WordPerfect", "RTF", etc. If your computer and word-processor are not "standard" ones, provide enough information for the Editors to evaluate the probable usefulness of receiving your manuscript on disk or by modem.
3. After your manuscript has been accepted, you will receive from the Editor instructions concerning revision, if any, and submission of the final version of the manuscript on disk.

Scanned Manuscripts

These are manuscripts for which the image on disk is produced not by rekeyboarding but by scanning and digitizing the paper copy and processing the raster image with a character-recognition program; the result is ASCII text that can fairly quickly be edited into POAS style. This scheme is not as desirable as receiving the final manuscript on disk, but represents a considerable saving over manual rekeyboarding.

Authors who cannot readily submit the final manuscript on disk should so indicate in their submission letter; they will receive instructions that will facilitate scanning of their final manuscript.

1. General organization - For full papers, the subsections should include:
2. a) Abstract, b) Introduction, c) Experimental Procedures (or Methods), d) Results, e) Discussion, f) Acknowledgments, if any, and g) References. In the case of communications or short papers, some of the headings may be combined, e.g., Results and Discussion.
3. The title should be short, clear, and informative; it should not exceed two printed lines and should include the name of the organism, compound, process, system, enzyme, etc., that is the major object of the study.
4. A running title of 60 characters and spaces or fewer should be provided.
5. Spell out either the first or second given name of each author. For example, Otis C. Dermer, instead of O.C. Dermer, or H. Olin Spivey, instead of H.O. Spivey. This will aid in easier, precise identification of an individual.
6. Every full paper must begin with a brief abstract (up to 200 words) that presents clearly the plan, procedure, and significant results of the investigation. The Abstract should be understandable alone, since it is often used by abstracting journals.
7. The Introduction should state the purpose of the investigation and the relationship with other work in the same field. It should not be an extensive review of literature.
8. The Experimental Procedures (or Methods) section should be brief, but adequate for repetition of the work by a qualified experimenter. References to previously published procedures can reduce the length of this section. Refer to the original description of a procedure and describe any modifications.
9. The Results may be presented in tables and/or figures, but many observations can be set forth directly in the text along with the appropriate experimentai values. The same results should not be presented repeatedly, as in tables, in figures, and in text.
10. The Discussion section should deal with an interpretation of the Results and how these observations fit with the results of others. Sometimes the combination of Results and Discussion can give a clearer, more compact presentation.
11. Acknowledgments of financial support and other aid are to be included.
12. References should be cited in text by number according to order of occurrence in text. For example, "The methods used have been described previously (1)."

Use the bibliographic style and formats shown below. The correction of an author's improper bibliographic style and format is often the most time-consuming task in processing a manuscript.

Abbreviate journal names according to Chemical Abstracts or Biological Abstracts List of Serials (Biosis). Other sources include Engineering Index and Index Medicus. Abbreviations for specific words are given in the International List of Periodical Title Word Abbreviations.

If it is necessary to refer to a manuscript that has been accepted for publication elsewhere, but is not yet published, the format shown in 1 below should be used, with the volume and page numbers absent, the (estimated) year included and followed by the words "in press". If the "in press" paper(s) have significant bearing on the manuscript submitted to POAS, submit copies of such papers and the letter(s) of acceptance. If the "in press" paper is published before the manuscript with reference is published in POAS, notify the Editor of the appropriate volume and page numbers.

Responsibility for the accuracy of bibliographic references rests entirely with the author; confirm all references through comparison of the final draft of the manuscript with the original publications.

Any mention of "manuscript in preparation", "unpublished experiments", and "personal communication" should be in parenthesis. Use of "personal communication" should be with permission of the communicator, and should be entered in text, not in the Reference list.

Type the manuscript double-spaced throughout, preferably with 12-point Pica type (10 char/inch), including references, tables, footnotes, and figure legends. If you supply a camera-ready table, it should be single-spaced. Submit three easily legible copies of the manuscript, one of which must be the ribbon copy or one of equal quality; pay particular attention to print quality if you use a computer-driven impact printer. Arrange the parts of the manuscript in the order given below and number all sheets in succession, the title page being page 1. Indicate by margin notes the appropriate location in the text of the tables and figures.

Begin each of the following on a new page:

1. Title, author(s), complete name(s) of institution(s) or laboratory(ies) (complete mailing address).
2. Running title, corresponding author, telephone numbers (VOX, FAX), electronic mail address.
3. Abstract.
4. Text of manuscript.
5. Acknowledgments, if any.
6. References.
7. Footnotes, if any.
8. Legends for figures (more than one legend may be on a page).
9. Tables.
10. Figures.

The use of clear, grammatical English is important. Please ask several colleagues to read your manuscript carefully and critically. Every reading of the manuscript can improve the clarity and preciseness of the presentation. (See Day's Scientific English and Alley's Craft of Scientific Writing, Section I.)

Notes added in proof: Data obtained after acceptance of the manuscript cannot be inserted into the text, nor should there be any substantial change in the conclusions based on new data. However, if the desirability of the addition of a "Note Added in Proof" can be demonstrated to the Editor, such a note may be attached.

Corrections and retractions will be published as required.

Tables are concise compilations of data (words, numbers, symbols) arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns to facilitate comparison and contrast. The format and structure of tables should be simple and well organized so that trends and relationships can easily be recognized. A table should be complete; i.e., the title, headings, and footnotes should make the material understandable without reference to the text (unless a detailed method is given in the Experimental Procedure section or in the legend to another Figure or Table). Data in a table should be pertinent, meaningful, and accurate. The data should supplement, not duplicate the text. Do not present large quantities of similar data just because they have been collected; include those that justify the important conclusions. Whenever it is reasonable, replace multiple values of data by mean values, some accepted measure of dispersion (standard deviation, range), and the number of individual observations. Identify statistical measures clearly and unambiguously. Follow rules about significant figures; do not write 150000 if 150 x 10³ is correct.

If data can be described in one or two sentences in the text, please present them there instead of in a table. If all the values within a column or row are the same, present such values in the text, or in the title of the table or in a footnote to it. Footnotes to a table are referenced by superscript, lower-case letters: a-->z.

Each column should carry an appropriate heading that describes what is found in the column. The units of measure should be clearly indicated. Powers-of-10 multipliers are frequently useful in column headings, but care must be taken not to confuse the readers. See Section H (Physical Quantities, Units, and Symbols) for instructions on the proper format for column headings.

Several computer programs are now available to aid in construction of tables. Some are within word processing programs, some are database programs, and others stand alone.

Checklist for Table Preparation

1. Have all data been verified and proofread for accuracy?
2. Are all the tables necessary? Is the same information already presented in the text? If so, which presentation is simpler and clearer?
3. Are the data grouped logically? Are all values that are needed for comparison included in the same table? Can information in several tables be combined?
4. Are the style elements of the tables and formats consistent with the text and with each other? Would exchanging elements improve readability?
5. Are the tables as simple, brief, and clear as possible? Can any elements be eliminated, combined, simplified, or placed in a footnote? Is there too much information in one table?
6. Are the significant figures shown? Are the powers and units clear?

Figures include drawings, photographs, maps, flow (process, organizational) charts, graphs, and computer graphics. At least two glossy prints of each photograph should be submitted; label these prints lightly on the back with author's name, figure number, and orientation. A graph is a pictorial display of data representing changes or comparisons. The construction of a clear, accurate graph is not trivial (see Cleveland, The Elements of Graphing Data).

Each figure should have a legend, a brief caption that identifies and describes the illustration with omission of only the obvious. The legend should contain the title of the figure and any explanatory material, but the title or legend should not appear within the figure itself. As with tables, sufficient experimental detail should be given in the legend to make the figure intelligible (unless these details have been given in the Exp_rimental Procedure section or another legend or table footnote). Minimize the number of figures. Don't use a figure if the information can be expressed in a few words in the text. A composite of related figures often saves space and improves comparisons.

Figures will usually be one column wide (67 mm); full page width is 140 mm. The maximum useable page length is 215 mm including caption. Consider the legibility after reduction of the lettering, lines, symbols, and/or other designations; design the original so as to avoid reduction (or enlargement) by more than a factor of 2; a factor around 1.5 is usually much more satisfactory. See the The ACS Style Guide or Briscoe's A Researcher's Guide to ... llustrations (see Sec. I. References) for very useful examples of correctly and incorrectly prepared figures. All lines and lettering should be evenly drawn in black ink. To represent points in a graph, do not use the symbols x, , +, and *; they do not reproduce well. Use these symbols, in this order of preference:

For graphics, complete the rectangle indicated by the abscissa and ordinate, enclosing the top and right sides of the figure. Indicate the scales used in plotting the data with major and minor ticks (short index lines); repeat these lines on the opposite side unless more than one scale is used. Choose intervals so that interpolation will permit reasonably accurate evaluation of the points. Axes should not extend appreciably beyond the curves. It is often unnecessary for an axis to start at 0; only the part of the scale relevant to the curves should be given.

The relative weight (rw) of lines and letters in graphs are: boldest (rw= 1), curves; less bold (rw=0.8), axis labels, outlines of unfilled points, and confidence limits; least bold (rw= 0.6), axis, tick marks, scale number, curve labeler, and error bars. The curves should not be so bold as to be overwhelming.

See Section H (Physical Quantities, Units, and Symbols) for instructions on proper format of axis labels. For maximum readability, labels should be in upper and lower case letters; the characters should be those of a medium-weight, uncrowded, nonslanted, sans serif typeface (such as Helvetica). The text you are now reading in a Roman typeface, with serifs.

Checklist for Graph Construction

Clarity of presentation:

1. Make sure the data stand out visually
2. Provide clear, unambigous axis labels
3. Avoid putting notes, key, and markers in the data region.

Clarity of understanding:

1. Explain clearly any error bars.
2. Proofread graphs and verify correctness of data.

Scales:

1. Select an appropriate range; add tick marks judiciously.
2. Use as much of the data area as possible.
3. Do not insist on including zero on a scale.
4. Use scale breaks only when absolutely necessary.

In the text, refer to simple chemical compounds by the use of formulas printed in a single horizontal line of type with appropriate sub- and superscripts. Two-dimensional formulas are not to be used in the text. Center chemical equations and mathematical equations between successive lines of text and number these (in parentheses at right side) if reference is made to them. Provide any required structural formulas on separate sheets, in a form suitable for direct photographic reproduction. Similarly, representations of long sequences of amino acids, carbohydrates, or nucleotides will contain no printer's errors if you provide a high-contrast, photographable copy. Carefully proofread biological names for accuracy of spelling.

For ionic charges use superscripts: K⁺, Mg²⁺, S^2-. For isotopes use square brackets directly attached to the front of the name (word) or formula: [^l4C]urea, [-^l4C]valine, [²H]H₂0, L-[methyl-¹⁴C]methionine.

As scientific researchers we all formulate hypotheses and expectations, and the purpose of the scientific experiment is to test beliefs and hypotheses. Statistical methods disentangle the effects of chance from the true but unknown effect of treatments. Statistical methods never produce anything and the answer always comes out as a probability, but limits are defined.

Indicate the statistical procedures used. If there is extensive use of statistics or if the statistical analyses are an important part of the study, a statistical consultant should be used to assure the adequacy and clarity of the methods used and their description.

A measurement (in contrast to an observation) almost always results in a value for a physical quantity, which is the product of a numerical value and a unit. For to AUTHORS

example, the measured wavelength of the yellow light emitted by sodium vapor is:

= 5.893x10-7 m = 589.3 nm

(1)

where m is the symbol for the unit "meter", nm is the symbol for the unit "nanometer", and by definition 1 nm = 10^-9 m.

If the product in equation 1 is treated as an ordinary algebraic product, then the wavelength may also be represented by:

Note that the value of the quotient /nm is a pure number: 589.3.

In tables, pure numbers are usually the most convenient column entries. Since the quotient of a physical quantity and a unit is a pure number, such quotients are the appropriate heading for "pure number" columns. Similarly, such quotients are convenient for labeling the axes of graphs.

As an example, suppose that one has data for the vapor pressure p of compound "X" at various temperatures in degree Celsius, and wishes to construct the typical "In p vs. 1/T" plot.

A plot of the last column as abscissa versus the third column as ordinate gives the desired "In p vs. 1/T" plot. The appropriate labels for the axes are: In(p/mbar) and 10³K/T.

Note that the reader can retrieve all pertinent information from an equality between a column heading (or axis label) and an entry; for example, from the last line of the table one has: In(p/mbar) = 6.2160, from which one can immediately obtain p/mbar = exp(6.2160), orp = 500.7 mbar.

All headings of table columns and all labels of axes for graphs should be constructed in accordance with these guidelines, unless they are obviously inappropriate.

Note that Table 99, above, is designed to illustrate column headings. In an actual manuscript, redundant columns should be omitted. The data included should be as close as feasible to the original "raw" data, so that others may check calculations.

The IUPAC "Green Book" (see References at the end of these Instructions) is a particularly useful reference for these general areas and for the quantities, symbols, and units in Tables 1-7. For abbreviations, refer to Table of abbreviations.

Units for "Concentration"

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has created some problems with its recommendations related to "concentration".

IUPAC recommends that "molar" should mean "per mole" (actually, "per amount of substance"); molar energy means energy per mole (see Table 4). In many ways this is a very convenient usage: "molar volume", "molar entropy", "molar heat capacity" are simple, easy expressions for the "per mole" quantities. This usage of "molar" also eliminates the awkwardness of "relative molecular weight"; the molecular mass of H₂O is 18 Da and its molar mass is 18 g/mol; molar mass is mass per mole.

This convenient usage comes at a price: use of "molar" to mean "mol/liter" is strongly discouraged by IUPAC. IUPAC recommends the term "amount concentration" with unit mol/liter, mol/m³, umol/l, etc., or just "concentration" if the context makes clear that "amount" is not needed. Note that "mole" is the unit for the physical quantity "amount of substance" (Table 1).

Further, IUPAC does not recommend use of "normal" or "equivalent"; instead, one is to use "amount concentration".

POAS must recognize IUPAC usage of "molar" to mean "per mole", and of "amount concentration" as the quantity measured in mol/liter. On the other hand, the usage of "molar" to mean "mol/liter" is so ingrained in so many areas that POAS will continue to accept that usage, and the symbol M = mol/l, until announced otherwise in these Instructions. Authors should be particularly careful not to use both meanings of "molar" in any one paper.

Similarly, until announced otherwise, POAS will accept "normal" and "equivalent".

Note that if prefixes (Table 3) are used with "molar", the denominator always remains "liter"; for example, millimolar (mM) is mmol/l, nanomolar (nM) is nmol/l. Do not use forms such as umol/ml, with the denominator something other than "liter". Similar comments apply to "normal".

If composition of a solution or a mixture is to be expressed in percent (parts per hundred) or in ppm or ppb (parts per million/billion), make clear whether the basis is mass, volume, moles, or atoms, i.e., grams per million grams, atoms per billion atoms. Write "ppm(mass)" or "ppb(atoms)".

• Alley, M., The Craft of Scientific Writing, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1987) 225 pp.
• Anon., ASM Style Manual for Journals and Books, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC (1991) 199 pp.
• Anon., Ethical Guidelines to Publications of Chemical Research, Biochemistry 25, 9A-IOA (1986).
• American Medical Association, Manual of Style, 8th ed, Williams & Williams, Baltimore, MD (1989) 377 pp.
• Bailar, J.C. III, and Mosteller, F. (Eds), Medical Uses of Statistics, NEJM Books, Waltham, MA (1986) 425 pp.
• Briscoe, M.H., A Researcher's Guide to Scientific and Medical Illustration, SpringerVerlag, New York (1990) 209 pp.
• Chicago Cuide to Preparing Electronic Manuscripts, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (1987) 143 pp.
• Cleveland, W.S., The Elements of Graphing Data, Wadsworth, Inc., Monterey, CA
• (1985) 323 pp
• Council of Biology Editors, CBE Style Manual, 5th ed, Council of Biology Editors, Bethesda, MD (1983) 324 pp.
• Council of Biology Editors, Illustrating Science: Standards for Publication, Council of Biology Editors, Bethesda, MD (1988) 296 pp
• Day, R.A., How To Write & Publish a Scientific Paper, 3rd ed, Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ (1988) 211 pp.
• Day, R.A., Scientific English, Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ (1992) 125 pp.
• Dodd, J.S. (Ed), The ACS Style Cuide, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1986) 264 pp.
• IUPAC "Green Book": Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division, I. Mills (Ed). Blackwell, Oxford (1988) 134 pp.
• Richardson, G.T., Illustrations, Humana Press, Clifton, NJ (1985) 337 pp.

The "instructions to authors" cited below are also useful guides:

• J. Am. Med Assoc. 270, 33-39 (1993).
• J. Biol. Chem. 268, 745-753 (1993). Biochem.
• J. 289, 1-15 (1993). Science 259, 40 42 (1993).
• Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90, i-viii (1993).
• Biochemistry 32, 7A-lOA (1993).